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Basic Tips for Writing a Literary Analysis   by Sierra College (2001) 1. Write in the present tense. EXAMPLE: In Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily," the townspeople visit Emily Grierson's house because it smells bad. NOT: In Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily," the townspeople visited Emily Grierson's house because it smelled bad. 2. Normally, keep yourself out of your analysis; in other words, use the third person (no I or you). Some instructors may require or allow the first or second person in an informal analysis if the usage is consistent, however, so check with your instructor. FIRST PERSON: I believe that the narrator in "Sonny's Blues" is a dynamic character because I read many details about the changes in his attitude toward and relationship with Sonny. THIRD PERSON: The narrator in "Sonny's Blues" is a dynamic character who changes his attitude toward and relationship with Sonny as the story progresses. SECOND PERSON: At th...

                      Statistik Pendidikan Written by Ari Julianto Menurut Subana dkk (2000: 15) Statistik adalah kesimpulan fakta berbentuk angka yang disusun dalam bentuk daftar atau tabel yang menggambarkan suatu persoalan. Menurut Editorial Team (1992: 6991) asal kata statistik berasal dari kata New Latin yakni statisticus artinya 'negara' atau Bahasa Inggrisnya 'state'dan didefinisikan sebagai kumpulan matematika dan interpretasi data numerik khususnya analisa ciri-ciri populasi dari sampling. Sedangkan menurut Irianto (2004), Statistik pada dasarnya merupakan alat bantu untuk memberi gambaran atas suatu kejadian melalui bentuk yang sederhana, baik berupa angka – angka maupun grafik – grafik, mengingat peranannya sebagai alat bantu, maka perlu di sadari bahwa kunci keberhasilan analisis statistik masih terletak pada pemakaiannya. Siringoringo dan Nursamsi (2009: 1) memaparkan b...

 Three Ebooks about Research Methods                                    Written by Ari Julianto In performing research operations we need methods. All the methods which are used by the researcher during the course of studying his/her research problem are termed as research methods.Today's posting I would like to share three of my ebooks collection. These ebooks hopefully will help you in understanding the research methods.   1. A Practical Guide to Research Methods by Catherine Dawson For the purpose of this book, research is defined as the deliberate study of other people for the purposes of increasing understanding and/or adding to knowledge. In this book, we can find How to Define Your Project, How to Decide Upon a Methodology, How to Choose Your Research Methods, How to Conduct Background Research, How to ...

                              Case Study Method Written by Victor Jupp in The Sage Dictionary of Social Research Methods .2006. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. pp 20-21. I. Definition An approach that uses in-depth investigation of one or more examples of a current social phenomenon, utilizing a variety of sources of data. A ‘case’ can be an individual person, an event, or a social activity, group, organization or institution. II. Distinctive Features A major feature of the case study, according to Hakim (2000), is its flexibility. It can range from a simple narrative description to a very rigorous study achieving experimental isolation by the selection of cases on the basis of the presence or absence of key factors rather than the use of random assignment. A case study can involve 1. a single case (for example, a community study or a sociobiog...

Menganalisa Novel untuk Skripsi/Thesis (2)                                               Written by Ari Julianto II. Creating Outline Setelah mendapatkan judul (semoga tidak diganti oleh pihak prodi) beserta referensi dan teori-teorinya, tinggalah kita menuju langkah penyusunan dan belum siap untuk menulis. Langkah penyusunan isi skripsi/thesis kita tersebut dalam bentuk outline. Outline ini akan membantu kita untuk menulis Bab per Bab. Di bawah ini saya menampilkan outline dari dua novel yang saya gunakan sebagai contoh. Untuk elements of the novel seperti characters, plot, theme, dan sebagainya tergantung dari dosen pembimbing kita. Jika dia menilai itu perlu dimasukkan, maka kita masukkan dalam outline kita, jika tidak, maka bisa kita masukkan di Lampiran. Untu...

Menganalisa Novel untuk Skripsi/Thesis (1) Written by Ari Julianto Bidang analisa skripsi/thesis pada Fakultas Sastra Inggris maupun Sastra Indonesia pada umumnya mencakup Kesusasteraan ( Literature ) dan Linguistik ( Linguistic ), namun beberapa universitas lain kadangkala menambahkan bidang analisa lainnya. Menganalisa untuk kajian Literature dan Linguistic kedua-duanya memiliki kemudahan dan kesulitan tersendiri. Keduanya sama-sama menganalisa hasil karya sastra, namun variable yang dianalisa berbeda. Pada umumnya, untuk literature kebanyakan yang dianalisa adalah sisi psychology, sociology, dan masih banyak sisi kajian lainnya termasuk elements of the novel . Sedangkan untuk linguistic bisa dianalisa sisi semantic, morphology, syntax, pragmatic dan sebagainya. Pada tulisan kali ini, saya ingin memberi contoh cara menganalisa sebuah novel untuk penulisan skripsi/thesis dari sisi psychology dan sociology. Saya mengambil contoh dua novel, yakni - Harry Potter and the Half – Bloo...

More about Action Research Written by Eileen Ferrance in Action Research. 2000. Northeast and Islands Regional Educational Laboratory At Brown University. pp 9-12. I. Steps in Action Research Within all the definitions of action research, there are four basic themes: empowerment of participants, collaboration through participation, acquisition of knowledge, and social change. In conducting action research, we structure routines for continuous confrontation with data on the health of a school community. These routines are loosely guided by movement through five phases of inquiry: 1. Identification of problem area Teachers often have several questions they wish to investigate; however, it is important to limit the question to one that is meaningful and doable in the confines of their daily work. Careful planning at this first stage will limit false starts and frustrations. There are several criteria to consider before investing the time and effort in “researching” a problem. The questio...

Hakikat Menulis (Writing) Written by Ari Julianto Tulisan adalah rekaman peristiwa, pengalaman, pengetahuan, ilmu, serta pemikiran manusia sebagaimana diungkapkan Wiyanto (2004: 4). Hasil menulis yang berisikan rekaman peristiwa biasanya berupa tulisan yang mengandung unsur berita contohnya koran, majalah, dan tabloid. Hasil menulis yang menceritakan pengalaman misalnya catatan harian, jurnal, dan otobiografis. Bentuk tulisan yang mengandung pengetahuan dan ilmu misalnya laporan penelitian, artikel, skripsi, tesis, dan desertasi.  Hasil menulis yang berisikan tentang pemikiran manusia misalnya buku-buku fiksi dan buku-buku non fiksi. Mengenai hakikat menulis, Hyland (2003: 9) mengatakan bahwa menulis adalah cara menyampaikan, mengungkapkan perasaan dan berbagi pengalaman penulis kepada pembaca dengan menggunakan bahasa tulis.  Menulis menurut Reid (1987: 34) adalah suatu proses untuk mengungkapkan ide, pikiran dan perasaan atau pengalaman penulis dengan menggunakan sistem yang...

      The Null and Alternative Hypothesis Written by Donald Ary et al in Introduction to Research in Education. Belmount: Wadsworth.2010. pp.91-92 I. The Null Hypothesis It is impossible to test research hypotheses directly. You must fi rst state a null hypothesis (symbolized H0) and assess the probability that this null hypothesis is true. The null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis. It is called the null ypothesis because it states that there is no relationship between the variables in the population. A null hypothesis states a negation (not the reverse) of what the experimenter expects or predicts. A researcher may hope to show that after an experimental treatment, two populations will have different means, but the null hypothesis would state that after the treatment the populations’ means will not be different. What is the point of the null hypothesis? A null hypothesis lets researchers assess whether apparent relationships are genuine or are likely...

                                         Teori Ilmiah         Written by Ari Julianto Umumnya sebuah teori mengandung dugaan, spekulasi, anggapan, proposisi, hipotesa, penjelasan, model dan sebagainya. Asal kata Teori dari Bahasa Yunani theorein yang berarti mengamati, mempertimbangkan dan kata bendanya theoría berarti pemerhatian, pengamatan atau observasi. 1. Pengertian Teori Dalam beberapa kamus, kata teori didefinisikan sebagai berikut: - Tim redaksi (2008: 1684) 1. Pendapat yg didasarkan pada penelitian dan penemuan, didukung oleh data dan argumentasi; 2. penyelidikan eksperimental yg mampu menghasilkan fakta berdasarkan ilmu pasti, logika, metodologi, argumentasi;  3. Asas dan hukum umum yg menjadi dasar suatu kesenian atau ilmu pengetahuan; 4. pendapat,...

Using Theory in Research Written by Kenneth S. Bordens and Bruce B. Abbott in Research Design and Methods, A Process Approach. New York. McGraw-Hill, pp. 32-47.   1. Definition A theory is a partially verifi ed statement of a scientific relationship that cannot be directly observed. If the theory is stated formally, this statement consists of a set of interrelated propositions (and corollaries to those propositions) that attempt to specify the relationship between a variable (or set of variables) and some behavior. Not all scientific theories are expressed this way, but most could be. 2. Theory Versus Hypothesis Students often confuse theory with hypothesis, and even professionals sometimes use these terms interchangeably. However, as usually defi ned, theories are more complex than hypotheses. 3. Theory Versus Law A theory that has been substantially verifi ed is sometimes called a law. However, most laws do not derive from theories in this way. Laws are usually empirically verifi...

Needs Analysis   Written by Ari Julianto Needs analysis (also known as needs assessment ) has a vital role in the process of designing and carrying out any language course, whether it be English for Specific Purposes (ESP) or general English course, and its centrality has been acknowledged by several scholars and authors. I. Definition The word of ‘need’ is similar to ‘necessity, exigency, requisite’. These nouns denote a condition in which something essential is required or wanted; they also refer to that which is required or wanted. Based on Editorial Team (1992), the word ‘need’ is defines as (1) A lack of something required or desirable (2) Something required or wanted; a requisite (3) Necessity; obligation (4) A condition of poverty or misfortune. A needs analysis, write Watkins and Kaufman (1996), identifies the causes of the gaps in results so that appropriate methods, means, tactics, tools, and approaches may be rationally identified and then selected for meeting the needs....

Error Analysis in Language Written by Ari Julianto Making errors is the most natural thing in the world and it is evidently attached to the human being. children leaming their first language, adult native speakers, second language leamers; they all make errors which have a different ñame according to the group committing the error. Error analysis enables teachers to find out the sources of errors and take pedagogical precautions towards them. Thus, the analysis of learner language has become an essential need to overcome some questions and propose solutions regarding different aspects. I. Definitions According to Lennon (1991) an error is "a linguistic form or combination of forms which in the same context and under similar conditions of production would, in all likelihood, not be produced by the speakers' native speakers counterparts". Meanwhile Crystal, D. (1999) defines error analysis in language teaching and learning is the study of the unacceptable forms produced by ...